Learning Objective: Elaborate on the causes and consequences of the settlement of the Western United States between 1877 and 1898.
Settlement Patterns in the West After 1865

• Shift in western development due to industrialization.
• Conspicuous difference: emergence of transcontinental railroads.

Transcontinental Railroads

• Railroads played a pivotal role in settling the West and linking it with the East.
• Significant Difference: Introduction of transcontinental railroads across the Far West.
• First Route: Authorized during Civil War; Union Pacific (UP) and Central Pacific were tasked with building it.
  • UP: From Omaha, Nebraska, westward across Great Plains, employed war veterans and Irish immigrants.
  • Central Pacific: Started from Sacramento, California, eastward, used Chinese immigrants.
• Historical Milestone: Convergence at Promontory Point, Utah, in 1869, marked Atlantic-Pacific linkage.

Expansion of Rail Routes

• Four additional transcontinental railroads completed by 1883.
  • Southern Pacific: Connected New Orleans to Los Angeles.
  • Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe: Linked Kansas City to Los Angeles.
  • Northern Pacific: Joined Duluth, Minnesota, with Seattle, Washington.
• In 1893, Great Northern completed fifth transcontinental railroad, St. Paul, Minnesota, to Seattle.
• Various shortline and narrow-gauge railroads opened interior for settlement.

Negative Effects of Railroad Progress

• Railroads transformed West but often failed as businesses.
• Built in areas with limited customers and uncertain profitability.
• Environmental Consequences: Damage to environment, near-extinction of buffalo.
• Impact on Native Americans: High human and cultural toll on indigenous populations.

Transformation of the Great Plains and Western Lands

• Initial perception: Great Plains as "Great American Desert."
• Shift after 1865: Dramatic changes due to industrialization and human intervention.
• Buffalo herds depleted, lands fenced, towns established, western states created.

Mining Frontier

• Gold rush patterns set by California's 1849 gold rush.
• Prospectors arrived, followed by mining companies employing advanced techniques.
• Gold and silver strikes in South Dakota, Colorado, Montana, Idaho, Nevada, Arizona.
• Boomtown Phenomenon: Prosperous towns sprung up around strikes but often declined.
• Mining Town Evolution: Some towns transformed into industrial cities with theaters, churches, railroads, and more.

Cattle Frontier

• Vast grasslands utilized by ranchers after Civil War.
• Texas cattle business borrowed from Mexican traditions.
• Railroads into Kansas enabled cattle transport to eastern markets.
• Stockyards established; cow towns like Dodge City emerged along railroads.
• Cattle drives declined due to overgrazing, extreme weather, and fencing.

Farming Frontier

• Homestead Act of 1862 promoted farming on Great Plains with 160-acre land offer.
• Railroads and land speculators attracted families to farm between 1870 and 1900.
• Challenges: Extreme weather, plagues, water scarcity, lack of wood.
• Barbed Wire and Windmills: Innovations aiding fencing and water supply.

Challenges for Farmers

• Commercialization and specialization in agriculture.
• Farmers' dependence on expensive machines, stores, and catalogs.
• Falling prices due to increased global crop production led to deflation.
• Rising costs due to middlemen, railroads, taxes, and monopolies.

Farmers' Response and Organization

• National Grange Movement: Initially social, evolved into economic and political action.
• Farmers' alliances emerged, aimed at both education and political change.
• Ocala Platform in 1890 demanded economic and political reforms.
• Populist movement built upon these reforms in the 1890s, affecting the two-party system.

Planning Your Visit

• Location and Accessibility:
  • Joshua Tree National Park is situated in Southern California, east of Los Angeles and northeast of Palm Springs.
  • Its proximity to these urban centers makes it a popular destination for day-trippers.
  • Most visitors access the park via CA 62, entering from the west side near the town of Joshua Tree. Park Boulevard connects with Twentynine Palms outside the north entrance on CA 62, with additional park sights accessible from short spurs off CA 62.
• Best Times to Visit:
  • The cooler months of October to April are popular for visiting, although they can be crowded. Weekdays tend to have fewer visitors.
  • Spring wildflower season (late February to May) sees the highest number of visitors.
  • Entrances can become congested between 10am and 2pm, with a similar pattern during sunset. When parking lots are full, the main park road might become drive-through only. Always have alternative hiking plans.
• Weather Conditions:
  • Spring and fall offer beautiful weather, while summers are extremely hot, with temperatures often exceeding 100°F (38°C).
  • Winter brings dustings of snow to the park.
• Camping and Overnight Stay:
  • Camping is the sole overnight option within the park. Reservations should be made six months in advance.
  • For your visit, ensure you have a car, a full tank of gas, ample water (at least 1 gallon or 3.8 liters per person per day), and enough food.
  • Inside the park, there are no services or cell service available.
• Note: Planning ahead, staying hydrated, and being prepared for changing conditions are crucial when visiting Joshua Tree National Park.

​Entrances and Fees​

• Entrance Fees and Passes:
  • The entrance fee is $30 per vehicle, $25 for motorcycles, and $15 for individuals, valid for a seven-day period.
  • For quicker access, it's recommended to purchase passes in advance online at www.recreation.gov.
• Entrance Stations and Access:
  • All roads and entrance stations are open year-round for visitors' convenience.
  • The park features three entrance stations:
    • West Entrance: Located at the junction of CA 62 and Park Blvd. in the town of Joshua Tree, this entrance is south of the Joshua Tree Visitor Center. It experiences the highest visitation and often has long lines, especially during peak times. In 2023, a larger fee station with more lanes will be introduced, moving the entrance 0.5 mile (0.8 km) deeper into the park.
    • North Entrance: Positioned at the junction of CA 62 and Utah Trail in Twentynine Palms, this entrance is about 4 miles (6 km) from the highway.
    • South Entrance: Accessible via exit 168 off I-10, this entrance leads to the park's Colorado Desert region and the less-frequented Cottonwood Spring area.
• Note: The entrance stations and pass purchasing options provide visitors with various points of access and options for experiencing Joshua Tree National Park.

Visitor Centers

• Visitor Centers and Services:
  • The park boasts four visitor centers that provide valuable resources and amenities, including information, exhibits, maps, water, and restroom facilities. On-site bookstores offer maps, guidebooks, and gift items. Park rangers also organize informative talks and walks.
• Joshua Tree Visitor Center (6554 Park Blvd., Joshua Tree):
  • Located near the West Entrance, this center operates daily from 7:30 AM to 5 PM.
  • It features exhibits on park geology, the distinct desert environments, and the history of Indigenous people and historical sites.
  • A café (760/974-9290) is present within the center.
• Black Rock Nature Center (9800 Black Rock Canyon Rd., Yucca Valley):
  • Situated near Black Rock Canyon Campground, this smaller center operates from 8 AM to 4 PM (Sat.-Thurs.) and from 8 AM to 8 PM on Fridays (Oct.-May).
  • The center includes an art gallery that adds to the visitor experience.
• Joshua Tree Cultural Center (6533 Freedom Way, Twentynine Palms):
  • Conveniently located off CA-62 in Twentynine Palms, this center is open daily from 8:30 AM to 5 PM.
  • It houses a visitors center and offers ample parking for visitors.
• Cottonwood Visitor Center (Cottonwood Spring Rd.):
  • Found near the South Entrance and Cottonwood Campground, this center is open daily from 8:30 AM to 4 PM.
  • The National Park Service has plans to upgrade this temporary center to enhance visitor experiences.
• Ranger-Led Programs:
  • Park rangers conduct patio talks, chats, and guided walks, providing visitors with educational and engaging experiences.
  • Detailed schedules of ranger-led walks throughout the park are available, allowing visitors to participate in enriching activities.
• Note: The visitor centers and ranger-led programs contribute to the overall educational and immersive experience for visitors exploring Joshua Tree National Park.

​Highlights and Activities in the Park​Exploring Joshua Tree National Park - Highlights and Activities:

• Park Boulevard Drive:
  • Starting from the West Entrance near Joshua Tree and ending in Twentynine Palms, this scenic drive spans 25 miles (40 km).
  • The route showcases iconic Joshua trees and unique rock formations, offering access to Hidden Valley's campgrounds, trails, and attractions.
• Seeing Wildlife in the Desert:
  • Despite appearances, the desert teems with wildlife. Bird enthusiasts can spot various bird species, including migrants and nesting birds. Look for roadrunners, quails, falcons, and kestrels.
  • Keep an eye out for desert bighorn sheep around Barker Dam or Lost Palm Oasis. Areas with vegetation and water, such as Cottonwood Springs and 49 Palms Oasis, attract wildlife.
• Rock Climbing in Hidden Valley:
  • The park's diverse rock formations offer climbing opportunities for beginners and experts alike.
  • With over 400 climbing formations and more than 8,000 recognized climbs, Joshua Tree is a world-class destination for traditional-style crack, slab, and steep-face climbing.
  • Guides are available for climbing courses and private climbs, including options suitable for families with children.
• Black Rock Canyon:
  • Near the West Entrance, Black Rock Canyon presents a unique landscape with rolling peaks, piñon and juniper trees, and oaks.
  • This area has a distinct feel from the more popular Hidden Valley and offers a nature trail, a small nature center, and a campground.
• Covington Flats:
  • This area features lightly traveled dirt roads that lead to sweeping overlooks, hiking trails, and stands of Joshua trees, junipers, and piñons.
  • Access Covington Flats via La Contenta Road in the park's northwestern corner.
• Eureka Peak Overlook:
  • Drive to the 5,521-foot (1,683-meter) Eureka Peak Overlook for breathtaking panoramic views.
  • Enjoy vistas of the Coachella Valley, Desert Hot Springs, San Jacinto Mountains, and more.
• Hidden Valley and Wonderland of Rocks:
  • Explore the Wonderland of Rocks, a region characterized by intricate granite rock formations and desert bighorn sheep.
  • The Wonderland of Rocks extends between Indian Cove Campground and Hidden Valley Campground.
  • Barker Dam Trail and Indian Cove Campground offer access to this area.
• Ryan Ranch:
  • Explore the ruins of Ryan Ranch, dating back to 1896. The interpretive trail guides you through the adobe bunkhouse, windmill, and pioneer cemetery.
• Keys View:
  • Reach Keys View, an accessible observation point in the Little San Bernardino Mountains.
  • Enjoy sweeping views of the Salton Sea, San Andreas Fault, Palm Springs, and more.
• Keys Ranch:
  • Learn about the history of ranching in the Mojave Desert by exploring the Keys Ranch, a homestead from 1917 to 1969.
  • Guided tours (reservations required) provide insights into the ranch's history and include visits to its various structures.
• Queen Valley:
  • Queen Valley offers a mix of Joshua trees, mining ruins, Indigenous villages, hikes, and stunning views.
  • Explore short dirt roads, visit mining ruins, and hike trails to attractions like Desert Queen Mine, Lucky Boy Vista, and Wall Street Mine.
• Cholla Cactus Garden:
  • Experience the surreal Cholla Cactus Garden in Pinto Basin. The garden showcases an impressive collection of cholla cacti.
  • Take a 0.25-mile (0.4 km) trail to tour this unique landscape.
• Cottonwood Spring Oasis:
  • Located at the South Entrance, Cottonwood Spring Oasis is sustained by underground water, nurturing a palm oasis and cottonwood trees.
• Night Skies:
  • Joshua Tree is an International Dark Sky Park, providing ideal conditions for stargazing.
  • Explore the night skies from campgrounds or road pullouts with minimal light pollution.
  • Year-round, Night Sky Programs and the Night Sky Festival offer opportunities for stargazing and celestial observations with telescopes.

Note: The activities and attractions described offer visitors a diverse range of experiences to enjoy the natural beauty and unique features of Joshua Tree National Park.
Scenic DriveGeology Tour Road:

• The Geology Tour Road spans 18 miles (29 km) and takes visitors on a backcountry drive through the unique geology of Joshua Tree National Park.
• The road descends south into the expansive Pleasant Valley, which was once a dry lake.
• As you drive, you'll have the opportunity to witness dramatic geologic phenomena, including erosion and uplifts that have shaped the landscape.
• A free interpretive pamphlet is available at the Joshua Tree Visitor Center, providing details about the route and highlighting 16 numbered points of interest. These points are also accessible through the NPS app.
• The first 5 miles (8 km) of the dirt road are generally suitable for most cars in dry weather conditions. However, larger vehicles like RVs are not recommended.
• Beyond the initial 5 miles, the road becomes suitable only for 4WD vehicles due to challenges like deep ruts, sand, and steep grades.
• The road forms a one-way loop in a clockwise direction, passing along the foothills of Hexie Mountain and through Pleasant Valley.
• Once you begin the loop, you'll be committed to the two-hour drive, so plan accordingly.

Exploring Geology:
The Geology Tour Road offers an immersive opportunity to explore the fascinating geology that has shaped Joshua Tree National Park. The road takes you through various geological features, offering insights into the park's natural history and the forces that have contributed to its unique landscapes. As you drive, make sure to refer to the interpretive pamphlet or app to enhance your understanding of the geological processes at play.

Hiking​Hiking in Joshua Tree National Park:
Joshua Tree National Park offers a variety of hiking trails that allow visitors to explore its unique desert landscapes. However, it's important to take necessary precautions, such as carrying enough water and avoiding hiking during the hottest parts of the day, especially during the summer. Here are some of the notable hiking trails within the park:
Black Rock Canyon:

• Hi-View Nature Trail: This 1.3-mile (2.1 km) round-trip hike offers sweeping views of Yucca Valley, Black Rock Canyon, and the San Bernardino Mountains, including the snowcapped San Gorgonio Mountain. The trail is considered moderate and takes around 1.5 hours to complete.

Barker Dam:

• Distance: 1.1 miles (1.8 km) round-trip
• Duration: 1 hour
• Elevation Change: Negligible
• Effort: Easy
• Trailhead: Wonderland of Rocks
• Barker Dam Trail: This easy trail loops through boulders to a small pond known as Barker Dam. The pond serves as a watering hole for migrating birds and desert bighorn sheep. The trail also passes through the western edge of the Wonderland of Rocks and features Indigenous Cahuilla rock art. The trail offers minimal shade.

Hidden Valley:

• Hidden Valley Nature Trail: This 1-mile (1.6 km) round-trip trail takes about 45 minutes and leads through granite boulders to Hidden Valley, a small enclosed valley with bouldering opportunities.

Ryan Mountain:

• Distance: 3 miles (4.8 km) round-trip
• Duration: 2.5 hours
• Effort: Strenuous
• Ryan Mountain Trail: This strenuous hike climbs over 1,000 feet (305 m) to reach the summit of Ryan Mountain, offering panoramic views.

Lost Horse Mine Trail:

• Distance: 4 miles (6.4 km) round-trip
• Duration: 2-3 hours
• Effort: Moderate
• Lost Horse Mine Trail: This trail climbs Lost Horse Mountain and passes remains from a gold rush, including a weathered stamp mill, rock house foundations, equipment, and mining tunnels.

Queen Valley:

• Wall Street Mill Trail: This 2.2-mile (3.5 km) round-trip trail starts from the Wonderland of Rocks Trailhead and passes abandoned cars, mining artifacts, and a well with a windmill. It terminates at the well-preserved Wall Street Mill.

Northeast:

• 49 Palms Oasis Trail: This 3-mile (4.8 km) round-trip hike takes 2-3 hours and leads to the secluded 49 Palms Oasis, nestled against jagged hills. The oasis features native fan palms and requires climbing over a ridge.

Cottonwood Spring:

• Mastodon Peak Loop: A 3-mile (4.8 km) round-trip trail that passes the remains of the old Winona Mill and offers sweeping views from Mastodon Peak.
• Lost Palms Oasis Trail: A strenuous 7.2-mile (11.6 km) round-trip hike that leads to a secluded canyon and the largest collection of fan palms in the park.

Additional Tips:

• Always carry sufficient water (at least 1 gallon per person per day) and avoid hiking during the hottest parts of the day, especially in summer.
• Some trails offer shade, but many do not, so be prepared for sun exposure.
• Check trail conditions and be aware of your physical limitations before embarking on hikes.
• Practice Leave No Trace principles to protect the delicate desert environment.

Recreational ActivitiesBiking and Rock Climbing in Joshua Tree National Park:
Biking:

• Paved Roads: The paved Park Boulevard (25 mi/40 km) offers a scenic biking route through the park's stunning landscapes, stretching from the West Entrance in Joshua Tree to the North Entrance near Twentynine Palms. Another paved road, Pinto Basin Road (30 mi/48 km), offers a biking option through the open desert of the Pinto Basin.
• Rentals: Visitors can rent bikes at Joshua Tree Bicycle Shop, located outside the park's West Entrance.

Rock Climbing:

• Climbing Terrain: Joshua Tree's monzogranite formations attract rock climbers from around the world. The Wonderland of Rocks is a popular area for climbing, with designated climbing trails and established routes.
• Guidelines and Permits: The park is working on a plan to protect the environment and cultural resources from climbing impacts. Check online for updates that may affect climbing access and procedures. Some climbing areas and types of climbing may require permits. Be aware of closures to protect nesting raptors.
• Climbing Rangers: Climbing rangers provide information and updates at Climbers Coffee events in Hidden Valley Campground during certain times of the year.
• Guide Companies: Joshua Tree offers several guide companies that offer instruction and guided climbs for beginners and experienced climbers. Some notable options include Joshua Tree Rock Climbing School, Cliffhanger Guides, Vertical Adventures, and Climbing Life Guides.
• Gear and Outfitters: Gear up for climbing at outfitters in Joshua Tree, such as Nomad Ventures and Coyote Corner.

Additional Tips:

• Check with official park sources and guide companies for up-to-date information on climbing conditions, closures, and regulations.
• Practice Leave No Trace principles while climbing to minimize your impact on the environment.
• Always prioritize safety, use proper climbing techniques, and consider hiring a guide if you're new to climbing or the area.
• Respect closures and guidelines to protect the park's natural resources and wildlife.

Getting There and AroundAirport and Transportation Information for Joshua Tree National Park:
Airports:

1. Palm Springs Airport (PSP): This is the closest airport to Joshua Tree National Park. It's about an hour's drive from the park. The airport's address is 3400 E. Tahquitz Canyon Way, Palm Springs. For more information, visit their website: www.palmspringsairport.com.
2. Los Angeles International Airport (LAX): If you're an international traveler, you can fly into LAX. It's about a two-hour drive from the park. The airport's address is 1 World Way, Los Angeles. For more information, visit their website: www.flylax.com.
3. McCarran International Airport (LAS): Another option for international travelers is McCarran International Airport in Las Vegas. It's about a four-hour drive from the park. The airport's address is 5757 Wayne Newton Blvd., Las Vegas. For more information, visit their website: www.mccarran.com.

Getting There by Car:

• From Palm Springs: It's about an hour's drive to the park. Yucca Valley is a good place to refuel before entering the park. The town also has major car rental agencies.
• From Los Angeles: It's roughly a two-hour drive east via I-10. The West Entrance (CA 62) to Joshua Tree is 50 miles (81 km) north of Palm Springs and 145 miles (233 km) east of Los Angeles.
• From Las Vegas: The North Entrance is about a four-hour drive southwest via I-15.

Park Entrances:

1. West Entrance (CA 62): This entrance is located near the town of Joshua Tree. It's accessible from Palm Springs and Los Angeles. Follow CA 62 north from Palm Springs or east from Los Angeles to reach the entrance.
2. North Entrance (CA 62): This entrance is located near Twentynine Palms. To reach it from the town of Joshua Tree, drive east along CA 62, then turn south on Utah Trail.
3. South Entrance (I-10): This entrance is east of Palm Springs along I-10. To enter the park, turn north on Cottonwood Spring Road from I-10.

Getting Around:

• There are no shuttles or public transportation options within the park.
• You'll need your own vehicle to explore the park and reach different areas.
• Be sure to fill up your gas tank before entering the park, as there are no gas stations inside.

Having your own vehicle is essential for exploring Joshua Tree National Park and accessing its various attractions.

Where to Stay​Camping Information in Joshua Tree National Park:
Year-Round Campgrounds:

1. Black Rock Campground: Located in the northwest corner of the park with access to Yucca Valley. It has 99 sites with drinking water, flush toilets, and a dump station.
2. Jumbo Rocks Campground: The largest campground in the park with 124 sites. It's located on Park Boulevard and does not have drinking water, so you need to bring your own.
3. Ryan Campground: Situated among boulders and rock formations on Park Boulevard. It has 31 sites and no drinking water.
4. Sheep Pass Campground: This is a tent-only campground with 6 group sites available by reservation up to 12 months in advance. It's located in the Wonderland of Rocks area.
5. Indian Cove Campground: Accessible from CA 62, this campground has 101 sites and is located on the north edge of the Wonderland of Rocks. It does not have water, so bring your own.
6. Hidden Valley Campground: A first-come, first-served campground with 44 sites located at the south end of the Wonderland of Rocks. It also does not have water.
7. Cottonwood Campground: Located near the South Entrance off I-10, this campground has 62 sites with potable water, flush toilets, and a dump station.

Seasonal Campgrounds:

1. Belle Campground: Open from early September to May, this campground is located on the north end of Pinto Basin Road. It has 18 sites and no water.
2. White Tank Campground: Also open from early September to May, this campground follows Belle Campground and has 15 sites with no water.

Camping Tips:

• Campground reservations are recommended, especially for popular times like weekends, holidays, and spring.
• Year-round campgrounds accept reservations from late August to early June, and some may be first come, first served outside of that period.
• Check campground details for amenities, including water availability and toilet facilities.
• Be mindful of campground size limits for RVs and trailers, which are typically limited to 25 feet (7.6 meters).

Outside the Park:

• If you can't find accommodations within the park, you can explore lodging and dining options in nearby towns like Yucca Valley, Joshua Tree, and Twentynine Palms.
• Backcountry camping is permitted on BLM (Bureau of Land Management) land.
• Joshua Tree town has a private RV park for those with RVs looking for a place to stay.

Yosemite National Park:

• Location:
  • Situated in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California.
  • Historic lands of the Miwok people.
• Iconic Natural Wonder:
  • Known for its breathtaking landscapes and iconic landmarks.
  • Immortalized in photographs by Ansel Adams.
  • John Muir described it as "the grandest of all the special temples of Nature."
• History and Recognition:
  • Designated as a national park in 1890, largely due to John Muir's efforts.
  • John Muir introduced the wonders of the park to President Theodore Roosevelt in 1903.
• Natural Playground:
  • Offers a diverse range of outdoor activities and recreational opportunities.
  • Features stunning granite cliffs, waterfalls, giant sequoia trees, meadows, and alpine landscapes.
• Landmarks and Attractions:
  • Iconic landmarks include El Capitan, Half Dome, and Bridalveil Fall.
  • Yosemite Valley is a popular destination with numerous scenic viewpoints.
  • Mariposa Grove is home to giant sequoia trees.
• Outdoor Activities:
  • Hiking, rock climbing, camping, fishing, birdwatching, and more.
  • Trails of varying difficulty levels cater to all types of visitors.
• Visitor Experience:
  • Offers both natural and cultural experiences.
  • Opportunities for photography, wildlife observation, and stargazing.
• Preservation and Conservation:
  • Efforts to preserve the park's natural beauty and ecosystems.
  • Conservation initiatives to protect wildlife and habitats.
• Tourism:
  • One of the most visited national parks in the United States.
  • Offers a wide range of accommodations, including lodges and campgrounds.

Overall, Yosemite National Park is a true gem of natural beauty, offering visitors an unforgettable experience in the heart of nature's grandeur.

Planning Your Visit​Yosemite Valley:

• Location: Accessible via CA 140, Arch Rock Entrance.
• Crowded Region: Yosemite Valley is known for being the most crowded area in the park due to its numerous attractions, hikes, and services.
• Recommended Duration: Plan to spend at least 2-3 days exploring Yosemite Valley.
• Key Attractions:
  • Iconic landmarks such as El Capitan, Half Dome, and Bridalveil Fall.
  • Numerous hiking trails that showcase the valley's stunning natural beauty.
  • Yosemite Falls, one of the tallest waterfalls in North America.
• Excursion to Glacier Point: A highly recommended day trip from Yosemite Valley. Offers panoramic views of the valley and surrounding peaks.
• Lodging and Camping: Reservations are essential for lodges (12 months in advance) and campgrounds (5.5 months in advance). Last-minute options include Curry Village tent cabins and first-come, first-served campgrounds.
• Activities Requiring Permits: Some activities like rock climbing, hiking Half Dome, and backpacking may require advance permits.
• Entrance Reservation: From May to September, you may need an entrance reservation to visit Yosemite Valley (good for 3 days). Check the recreation.gov website for details.
• Peak Season and Traffic: Summer is the high season with traffic congestion and parking issues. Arrive before or after peak traffic times, and use the park shuttle or bicycles for transportation.
• Other Seasons: Spring is ideal for waterfalls and wildflowers. Fall also sees fewer crowds. Winter experiences road closures, minimal crowds, and potential chain requirements on park roads.
• Tuolumne Meadows and Eastern Sierra: These areas are less congested during summer and offer great alternatives for exploration.
• Considerations: Plan your visit well in advance, especially for lodging and activities that require permits. Stay updated on road conditions and other park alerts.

Yosemite Valley's stunning scenery and iconic landmarks make it a must-visit destination for nature lovers and outdoor enthusiasts.

​Entrances and FeesEntrance Fees:

• Vehicle: $35
• Motorcycle: $30
• Individual: $20
• Valid for seven days

You have the option to purchase your pass online at recreation.gov to expedite entrance station procedures.
Park Entrances:

1. Arch Rock (CA 140): Primary access from the west (San Francisco, Sacramento) to Yosemite Valley. CA 140 becomes El Portal Road within the park. Expect substantial lines and potential two-hour waits between May and October. To minimize wait times, consider arriving before 9 am or after 5 pm.
2. Big Oak Flat (CA 120): Provides access to Yosemite Valley and Tuolumne Meadows (summer only) from the north (San Francisco, Sacramento). CA 120 transforms into Big Oak Flat Road within the park.
3. South (CA 41): Entry to Wawona from the south (Fresno, Los Angeles). Inside the park, CA 41 becomes Wawona Road and eventually leads to Yosemite Valley.
4. Tioga Pass (CA 120): Located on the east side of Yosemite, 12 miles (19 km) west of US 395. Tioga Road grants access to Tuolumne Meadows and the Eastern Sierra during the summer. Note that Tioga Pass closes during the winter months, typically from October to May or early June.
5. Hetch Hetchy (off CA 120): Sole access point to the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir and its surrounding area. The entrance and Hetch Hetchy Road are open year-round from 7 am to 9 pm.

For Yosemite Valley visits, consider obtaining an entry reservation at recreation.gov (applicable from late May to September, $2 fee) in addition to the park entrance fees. Each reservation covers one vehicle for a three-day period. Be sure to review the current requirements and reservation windows online. Day-use reservations are inclusive with lodging and campground reservations, commercial tours, YARTS buses, and permits for Half Dome and backpacking.

Visitor CentersValley Visitor Center:

• Located in Yosemite Village
• Contact: 209/372-0299
• Shuttle stops: 5 and 9
• Open daily year-round from 9 am to 5 pm
• Offers:
  • Interpretive museum
  • Exhibits, information, books, maps
  • Schedules of ranger-led walks and talks
• Complex includes:
  • Yosemite Museum (daily from 9 am to 5 pm, free entry)
  • Ansel Adams Gallery (summer: daily 9 am to 6 pm, winter: daily 10 am to 5 pm)
  • Public restrooms
• Behind the museum:
  • Recreated Indian Village of the Ahwahnee
  • Features structures built by Miwok people
• Behind the visitors center:
  • Yosemite Theater (Northside Dr., daily shows at 7 pm from April to October)
  • Adults: $10, under age 13: free
  • Presents programs and films, including John Muir Performances by Lee Stetson, the resident actor of Yosemite
• New visitors center under construction in Yosemite Village, set to open in 2023
• Positioned southwest of the current visitors center, nearer to the main parking area, adjacent to the Village Store

Wawona Visitor Center at Hill’s Studio:

• Located in Wawona
• Contact: 209/375-9531
• Open daily from 8:30 am to 5 pm during May to October
• Housed in the former studio and gallery of Thomas Hill, a renowned 1800s landscape painter
• Displays floor-to-ceiling paintings by Thomas Hill
• Offers information and wilderness permits

Tuolumne Meadows Visitor Center:

• Located on Tioga Rd.
• Contact: 209/372-0263
• Open daily from late May to late September, 9 am to 6 pm
• Rustic building close to the campground and Tuolumne Meadows Store
• Ranger talks held in the parking lot throughout summer
• Obtain permits at the Tuolumne Meadows Wilderness Center (daily from 8 am to 5 pm, mid-May to mid-October)
• Tuolumne Meadows Lodge nearby (shuttle stop 3)

​Scaling Half Dome:

• Half Dome: Iconic feature in Yosemite
• Formed by glaciers, stands high above the valley floor
• Rock climbers ascend the vertical Northwest Face
• Hikers use cable route installed in 1919 to summit the dome
• Dome viewable from shuttle or hike to Mirror Lake for base view
• Notable road viewpoints: Stoneman Meadow, Tunnel View (CA 41), Glacier Point
• Nontechnical climb details:
  • Length: 14-16 mi/23-25 km round-trip
  • Duration: 10-12 hrs
  • Available: late May to mid-Oct. (shuttle stop 16)
  • Follows Mist Trail to Nevada Fall, then signed for Half Dome
  • 4,800-ft (1,463-m) gain and descent, strenuous
  • Final 400-ft (122-m) ascent via metal hand cables
• Caution: Not suitable for young kids, out-of-shape individuals, or inexperienced hikers
• Start before sunrise, return by 3:30 pm
• Do not attempt during cable down times, trail closure, or thunderstorms
• Requires permit: $10 lottery + $10 per person
• Permits distributed via online lottery (March) and second lottery (two days in advance)

Touring Yosemite Valley:

• Yosemite Valley: Highly visited area
• Home to El Capitan, Half Dome, Bridalveil Fall, Yosemite Falls
• Numerous hikes originate from valley floor
• Visitors center, theater, galleries, museum, hotels, outdoor exhibits available
• Tour options: car, shuttle, bicycle, foot (best in summer)
• Entry reservation may be needed for May-September visit (valid 3 days, $2)

Viewing Yosemite Valley from Glacier Point:

• Glacier Point visit: Historical significance, influenced President Theodore Roosevelt
• Access: Drive (arrive before 9 am for parking) or shuttle bus on Glacier Point Road (16 mi/26 km one-way, June-early Nov., exact dates vary with snow)
• Short paved, wheelchair-accessible path offers stunning views of Yosemite Valley and High Sierra
• Photo opportunity in footsteps of John Muir and Theodore Roosevelt
• Return via Four-Mile Trail (4.8 mi/7.7 km one-way, 3-4 hrs)
• Note: Glacier Point Road may have construction delays in 2023

Yosemite Valley Attractions:

• Bridalveil Fall:
  • 0.5 mi/0.8 km round-trip, 20 min
  • Year-round 620-ft (189-m) cascade
  • Most powerful mist in spring
• Cook’s Meadow:
  • Wheelchair-accessible and strolling boardwalks
  • Loop to Sentinel Bridge for iconic Half Dome view
• Yosemite Falls:
  • Shuttle stop 6, Northside Dr.
  • Consists of Upper, Lower, and middle cascades
  • Best time to visit: spring for powerful snowmelt flow
• El Capitan:
  • Massive granite formation, vertical cliffs
  • Big-wall climbers and Alex Honnold's free-solo ascent
  • Viewing from El Capitan picnic area or roadside pullouts

Wawona Village:

• Wawona village: Near South Entrance
• Historical district with hotel, restaurant, exhibits, golf course

Pioneer Yosemite History Center:

• Open year-round
• Outdoor display of historic vehicles, original buildings
• Summer horse-drawn carriage tours available
• Living-history programs and demonstrations

Tuolumne Meadows:

• Fragile subalpine meadow with wildlife
• Trails from visitors center or Lembert Dome Trailhead
• Carbonated Soda Springs, Parsons Memorial Lodge
• Best wildflower displays late June to August

Olmsted Point:

• Shuttle stop 12
• Views of Clouds Rest and Half Dome
• Glacial erratic boulders draw visitors

Hetch Hetchy:

• Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, dammed Tuolumne River
• Controversial history, damming led to National Park Service
• O’Shaughnessy Dam, reservoir, Wapama and Tueeulala Falls trails

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Scenic DriveTioga Road Overview:

• Tioga Road: Yosemite's sole Sierra Nevada crossing road (39 mi/63 km, CA 120, summer only)
• Features campgrounds, trailheads, scenic overlooks
• Ascends High Sierra, passes through Tuolumne Meadows, crosses Tioga Pass, exits to Eastern Sierra
• Highlights on the road:
  • Olmsted Point's vista
  • Sandy beach at Tenaya Lake
  • Pothole Dome for scrambling

Tuolumne Meadows:

• Subalpine meadow with delicate summer wildflowers, wildlife (bears)
• Across from Tuolumne Meadows Visitor Center
• Offers:
  • Large campground
  • Camp store and grill
  • Wilderness center

Route Details:

• From the west, CA 120 transitions into Big Oak Flat Road at Big Oak Flat park entrance
• After 9 miles (14.4 km), at left fork to Crane Flat junction, it becomes Tioga Road
• Tuolumne Meadows Visitor Center is an additional 39 miles (63 km) to the east
• To reach Tioga Road from Yosemite Valley:
  • Take Northside Road to Big Oak Flat Road
  • At Tioga Road junction, turn east

Hiking​Yosemite Valley Hiking:
Upper Yosemite Fall:

• Distance: 7.2 mi/11.6 km round-trip
• Duration: 6-8 hrs
• Strenuous, at shuttle stop 7
• Trailhead: Camp 4
• Steep climb, 2,700 vertical ft (823 m) in 3 miles
• Reach Columbia Rock for shorter climb, great valley views
• Further up, view Upper Yosemite Fall from base after downhill switchbacks
• Wet, slippery stone-step switchbacks to lip of fall
• Carry water, snacks for energy

Mist Trail:

• Distance: 2.4-5.4 mi (3.9-8.7 km) round-trip
• Duration: 3-6 hrs
• Elevation Change: 1,050-2,000 ft (320-610 m)
• Moderate effort, trailhead: Happy Isles
• From Happy Isles Nature Center (shuttle stop 16)
• Climb steep granite, over 600 stairs, misty from Vernal Fall
• Rain gear recommended in spring and June
• View valley, rainbow in mist
• Switchbacks to Nevada Fall, return via John Muir Trail
• Closed in winter due to ice, snow, and spring river peaks
• Park at Curry Village day-use parking for shuttle to Happy Isles

Mirror Lake:

• Best in spring, summer when lake is filled
• Shuttle stop 17, end of Southside Dr. (no vehicles)
• Mirror Lake Loop, 5 mi/8 km round-trip, 2.5 hrs, easy-moderate
• Clear reflection of Tenaya Canyon, Half Dome
• Gentle path circles valley, crosses Tenaya Creek
• Caution on snow or ice in winter

Glacier Point:

• Road opens late May-November (depends on snow)
• One-way hikes from Glacier Point, shuttle reservations available
• Strong hikers can climb from valley floor to Glacier Point and back
• Sentinel Dome and Taft Point:
  • Views 2,000 ft above valley floor
  • Trailhead 1 mi west of Glacier Point
  • Choose between viewpoints:
    • Sentinel Dome: 2.2 mi round-trip, 2-3 hrs, moderate
    • Taft Point: 2 mi round-trip, 1 hr, moderate
• Panorama Trail:
  • 8.5 mi one-way, 6-8 hrs, strenuous
  • Glacier Point Trailhead to Yosemite Valley
  • Passes Illilouette Fall, Panorama Point
  • Views of Half Dome, Upper and Lower Yosemite Falls
• Four-Mile Trail:
  • 4.8 mi one-way, 3-4 hrs, strenuous
  • Connects valley with Glacier Point
  • Views of Yosemite Falls and valley

Wawona Hiking:
Mariposa Grove of Giant Sequoias:

• From Mariposa Grove parking (near South Entrance)
• Wheelchair-accessible shuttle (8am-8pm daily mid-Mar.-Nov.)
• Famous grove of giant sequoias
• Bicycles and disability placard cars allowed as spaces free up
• Trails include Big Trees Loop, Grizzly Giant Loop, Guardians Loop

Tuolumne Meadows and Tioga Pass Hiking:
Tenaya Lake:

• Loop trail, 2.5 mi round-trip, 1.5 hrs, easy
• Shuttle stop 9
• Sunny beaches, picturesque views
• Challenging part: fording chilly outlet stream at west end

May Lake and Mount Hoffman:

• May Lake: 2.5 mi round-trip, 1 hr, moderate
• Mount Hoffman: 6 mi round-trip, 3-4 hrs, strenuous
• Spectacular views, granite slabs, rocky paths
• Clear views of Cathedral Peak, Mount Clark, Half Dome, Clouds Rest

North Dome:

• North Dome Trail: 8.8 mi round-trip, 4-5 hrs, strenuous
• Trailhead at Porcupine Creek
• Unique view of Half Dome and Clouds Rest

Clouds Rest:

• Clouds Rest: 14.5 mi round-trip, 7 hrs, strenuous
• Shuttle stop 10
• Alternative to Half Dome, fewer people, no permits
• Stupendous 360-degree views, less elevation gain
• Focus on climbers on cables from summit

Cathedral Lakes:

• Cathedral Lakes Trail: 7 mi round-trip, 4-6 hrs, strenuous
• Shuttle stop 7
• Over 800-ft climb, high-elevation lakes, alpine peaks
• Part of John Muir Trail, Instagram-worthy scenery

Gaylor Lakes:

• Gaylor Lakes Trail: 3 mi round-trip, 2 hrs, easy
• Tioga Pass Entrance
• Starts at 10,000 ft, climbs steeply to Gaylor Lakes valley
• Mountain views, lovely lakes, abandoned mine site above Upper Gaylor Lake

Hetch Hetchy Hiking:
Wapama and Tueeulala Falls:

• Wapama Falls Trail: 5 mi round-trip, 2 hrs, moderate
• Cross O’Shaughnessy Dam, follow trail along reservoir
• Ribbon Tueeulala Falls, thundering Wapama Falls

Recreational ActivitiesBackpacking:

• Bucket-list backpacking routes: North end of John Muir Trail, Pacific Crest Trail (70 miles).
• Need park-approved bear canister and wilderness permit.
• Canister rentals at permit centers ($5/week + $95 deposit).
• Wilderness permit: $10 + $5 pp.
• Reserve permits through weekly permit lottery (www.recreation.gov, mid-Nov.-mid-May).
• Remaining permits released online about 22 weeks in advance.
• First-come, first-served permits available in person at permit centers.
• Backpackers with permits can stay in backpacker campgrounds ($8 pp).
• High Sierra Camps (888/413-8869, www.travelyosemite.com, July-early Sept.):
  • Tent cabins, amenities, meals in camp.
  • Merced Lake, Vogelsang, Glen Aulin, May Lake, Sunrise Camp.
  • Reservations by lottery in October for following summer.

Rock Climbing:

• El Capitan, big-face climb; Half-Dome Northwest Face, Cathedral Peak, North Dome.
• Wilderness climbing permits required for overnight climbs (4-15 days in advance, free).
• Yosemite Mountaineering School (209/372-8344, www.travelyosemite.com, 8:30am daily Mar.-Nov.):
  • Gear rental, guided rock climbing.
  • Beginner, intermediate, advanced rock-climbing classes for adults, children.

Bicycling:

• 12 miles (19 km) of paved bike trails in Yosemite Valley, mostly on Valley Loop Trail.
• Bicycles can use roads, especially car-closed routes.
• Rentals available at Yosemite Valley Lodge (209/372-1208, mid-Apr.-mid-Nov.) and Curry Village (209/372-8323, mid-Apr.-Oct.).
• Glacier Point Road allows bicycles for a few days in May before opening to vehicles.

Horseback Riding:

• Wawona Stable (Wawona Rd., 209/375-6502, www.travelyosemite.com, 7am-5pm daily mid-May-Sept.):
  • Two-hour horseback rides on historical wagon trail.
  • Strenuous trips into the mountains available.
  • Reservations recommended.

Winter Sports:

• Badger Pass Ski Area (Glacier Point Rd., 209/372-8430, www.travelyosemite.com, 9am-4pm daily mid-Dec.-Mar.):
  • Rentals, lessons, downhill ski runs (beginner and intermediate).
  • Cross-Country Ski School offers classes, gear rental, guided tours.
  • Shuttle between Yosemite Valley and ski area twice daily in season.
• Curry Village iceskating rink (Southside Dr., 209/372-8333, 3:30pm-9pm Mon.-Fri., noon-9:30pm Sat.-Sun. mid-Nov.-mid-Mar.) in winter with skate rentals.

​
How to Reach Air:

• Closest international airports: San Francisco International Airport (SFO), Oakland International Airport (OAK), Sacramento International Airport (SMF), Reno-Tahoe International Airport (RNO).
• Car rentals available at all airports.

Car:

• From San Francisco Bay Area:
  • Drive time: 4-5 hours to west entrances (Arch Rock and Big Oak Flat) for quick access to Yosemite Valley.
  • Take I-580 east, I-205, and I-5 near Manteca. Follow CA 120 east through Groveland and Big Oak Flat Entrance to reach Yosemite Valley.
• Alternatively, from I-5 south, take CA 140 east through Merced to reach Arch Rock Entrance.
• Enter before 9am or after 5pm to avoid entrance lines.
• From points south:
  • Enter through South Entrance via CA 41, 1.5-hour drive north from Fresno.
  • CA 41 becomes Wawona Road. From Wawona, another 1.5 hours to Yosemite Valley.

Train and Bus:

• Amtrak connects with Merced and Fresno from San Francisco or Sacramento.
• Buses with Yosemite Area Regional Transportation System (YARTS) connect to the park.
• Buy tickets on the bus, no reservations needed.
• Buses more frequent in summer.
• From Merced, YARTS buses to Yosemite Valley.
• From Fresno, YARTS buses to South Entrance of Yosemite.

​
Where to Stay​Inside the Park Lodging:

• Reservations for Yosemite lodgings are essential, book one year in advance.
• Rates vary seasonally.

Yosemite Valley:

• Yosemite Valley has most services, lodging options, campgrounds, and restaurants.
• Yosemite Valley Lodge (shuttle stop 8, from $278):
  • Motel-style rooms and lodge rooms with valley views.
  • Heated pool in summer, shuttles to Glacier Point ski area in winter.
  • Food services available.
• The Ahwahnee (shuttle stop 3, from $518):
  • Luxury hotel with cottages and hotel rooms.
  • Elegant dining room with expansive ceilings and views.
  • Reservations required for meals.

Curry Village:

• Canvas tent cabins, Yosemite Cabins, Stoneman Cottage rooms, Housekeeping Camp.
• Various options from rustic to comfortable.
• Food services available.

Wawona:

• Wawona Hotel (from $145):
  • Historic charm, Victorian wallpaper, antique furniture.
  • Dining room offers upscale California cuisine.

Tuolumne Meadows and Tioga Pass:

• White Wolf Lodge (June-Sept., from $125):
  • Heated canvas tent cabins and wood cabins.
• Tuolumne Meadows Lodge (early June-mid-Sept., from $125):
  • Wood-frame tent cabins with no electricity, dining room available.

Camping:

• Select campgrounds accept reservations, imperative for Yosemite Valley.
• Campsites available for booking five months in advance.
• Campgrounds have various amenities and some allow reservations.
• Yosemite Valley campgrounds: Upper Pines, Lower Pines, North Pines, Camp 4.
• South of Yosemite Valley: Bridalveil Creek, Wawona Campground.
• Tioga Road campgrounds: Crane Flat, Hodgdon Meadow, Tuolumne Meadows, White Wolf, Tamarack Flat, Yosemite Creek, Porcupine Flat.

Outside the Park:

• Gateway towns offer accommodations, campgrounds, dining, and services.
• Mammoth Lakes (U.S. 395) has upscale lodging 40 minutes south of Yosemite's east entrance, with YARTS shuttles to the park.

Driving AroundDriving:

• Driving in Yosemite Valley can be congested.
• Arrive before 9am, park in major lots (Yosemite Village, Yosemite Falls, Curry Village), and use the free shuttle.
• No gas stations in Yosemite Valley; closest stations in El Portal and Crane Flat.
• RVs and trailers have restrictions on certain roads.
• Glacier Point Road:
  • About an hour's drive from Yosemite Valley.
  • Closed Nov.-May, no trailers/RVs over 30 ft/9.1 m.
  • Winter construction delays in 2023.
• Tioga Road:
  • CA 120 from Crane Flat to Tioga Pass, open only in summer.
  • Check weather and road closures at 209/372-0200.
  • Closed road means no access to Tuolumne Meadows.

Shuttle Bus:

• Summer traffic and parking in Yosemite Valley can be challenging.
• Park at day-use lots or Curry Village, then use Yosemite Valley shuttle (7am-10pm daily, free) for getting around.
• Shuttles run every 10-20 minutes, serving various stops.
• Glacier Point Tour (May-Nov., $28.50-57) meets at Yosemite Valley Lodge, travels up Glacier Point Road.
• Summer-only Tuolumne Meadows Hikers Bus (mid-June-Sept., $2-23) runs on Tioga Road.
• Mariposa Shuttle (mid-Mar.-Nov., free) from Mariposa parking to grove trailhead.